Which of the following did the anti-Federalists oppose?

The anti-Federalists were a group of individuals who opposed the ratification of the United States Constitution in the late 18th century. They had concerns about the potential consolidation of power in a central government and believed that it could lead to tyranny. Therefore, option A, "the consolidation of power in a central government," is one of the things that the anti-Federalists opposed.

Additionally, the anti-Federalists were also concerned about the lack of a Bill of Rights in the original Constitution. They believed that individual liberties and rights needed to be explicitly protected. However, after much debate, the Bill of Rights was eventually added to the Constitution. Therefore, option B, "the inclusion of the Bill of Rights," is not something that the anti-Federalists opposed.

Furthermore, the anti-Federalists strongly advocated for the protection of states' rights. They believed that the states should retain significant power and autonomy, and that a strong central government could infringe upon these rights. Therefore, option C, "the protection of states' rights," is another thing that the anti-Federalists opposed.

Lastly, the anti-Federalists did not oppose the idea of an independent judicial branch. In fact, they recognized the importance of a separate judiciary to ensure checks and balances within the government. Therefore, option D, "an independent judicial branch," is not something that the anti-Federalists opposed.

In conclusion, the correct answer is A and C, as the anti-Federalists opposed the consolidation of power in a central government and the protection of states' rights.